○2.5% of GDP is spent on subsidies (fertiliser, credit, crop insurance, price mechanism)
Committees
○Swaminathan committee
○Ashok Dalwai committee
○Shanta Kumar committee
○Ashok gulati committee
Role of R&D in agriculture
○Every rupee spent on agricultural research and development, yields much better returns (11.2), compared to returns on every rupee spent on fertiliser subsidy (0.88), power subsidy (0.79), education (0.97) or on roads
(1.10)
•Seed village programme
•Nutrition based subsidy programe
•SVAMITVA Scheme
•PM Krishi sinchayi yojna
•Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
•National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)#
Marketing
•Minimum support prices
•Agri marketing fund
•APMC laws
•Warehousing certificates
•FPO promotion
•Organic promotion : National plan for organic production (NPOP)
•Viability Formula is a Minimum Support Pricetype mechanism and the government will fix this at 14.3% of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) price.
•Starting with NE states and A&N islands
•Provision of Rs 5 crore of 5 mt/hr (million tonne per hectare) with pro-rata increase for higher capacity will be given
•Goal to achieve self-efficiency in vegetable oil
Public distribution system (PDS)
Public distribution system (PDS)
•5 lakh fair price shops around the nation
•75% rural and 50% urban population covered under NFSA, 2013
•90 crore families under TPDS
Nuclear power
•India’s installed nuclear power capacity is 6,780 MW and the country aims to produce 40,000 MW of nuclear power by 2030
Renewable energy
Total capacity 160 GW
Incrased by 4 times in last 8 years
Target of 500 GW by 2030
•Wind power: 40.08 GW
•Solar Power: 49.34 GW
•BioPower: 10.61 GW
•Small Hydro Power: 4.83 GW
•Large Hydro: 46.51 GW
•Reduce domestic oil prices
Cropping patterns
Issues
•Green Revolution, which focused on cereals alone
•Monocropping
•Cultivation of water intensive crops despite low groundwater levels
•Use of excess quantities of fertilizers
•Lack of commercial farming
•Poor choice as Millets, pulses are not chosen (Lack of diversity)
Industry and Manufacturin g
○16% contribution of manufacturing sector to GDP, almost stagnant since 1991
○Total share 26% in GVA
○Industry growth rate : 11.6% (2021-22)
Schemes for Industry
•Make in India
•Special economic zones
•Progress liberalization of Industrial policy
•Ease FDI norms
•PM Gati shakti national master plan
•PLI Scheme
•IBC
•GST
•Labour codes
•Competition act (2002)
•MSME act 2006
Services
Services
•GVA share : 54% of GDP
•Growth rate : 8.2% (2021-22)
Changes in
budgetary
process
Advancement of the Budget cycle:
Advanced to
the 1st day of February
•
Merger of Plan and Non
–
Plan expenditures:
•
Merger of the Rail Budget with the General
Budget
Bibek Debroy committee
:
•
Inequality
Inequality (Oxfam)
Top 10% holds 73% of the wealth
•
It takes 941 years for a daily wage earner to
earn 1 year salary of top paid executives
•
Billionaires has same wealth as 50% of
8
population
•
India amongst highest number of billionaires
(119
billionaire
)
•
According to Oxfam report, 2021 , 84% Indian
households had a decline in Income, while 100
richest people more than doubled their income
•
Millets
production
2023
is declared as the International Year of
millets by the UN
•
Millets are short duration crops (60
–
90
days).
•
Crop rotation is possible leading to regular farmer
income
•
low carbon
–
footprint and water footprint.
They
require 3.5 times less water than paddy
•
combating lifestyle diseases
like diabetes,
cardiovascular problems as millets are gluten free
and have a
low glycemic index (GI)
•
Digital India
Mining
○Only 10% of the obvious geological potential (OGP) area of India has been explored
○In terms of value, 87% of the total production comes from 10 states
○2.1% of GDP
○Mines and minerals (Development and regulation) act, 1957
○PM Khanij Kshetra Kalyan yojna
○National mineral policy, 2019
○District mineral foundation
Coal oil and gas
50% Energy mix by coal
○28% from oil
○87% of crude oil was imported in FY 20
Schemes
•PM Ujjawala yojna
•PM Ji-Van
•National Gas grid
•100% FDI allowed in various segments of oil and gas sector
Logistics
○Costs 13% of GDP
○Target of 7-9% of GDP
○Logistics performace Index : 35th rank out of 160 countries
Gujarat ranked first for 3rd consecutive year
Agro logistics schemes
•Kissan Rail : Cold supply chain to transport perishable goods
•Krishi Udaan : Delivery of Agro goods to national and international locations
Schemes
•PM Gram sadak yojna
•PM Gati shakti
•Bharat mala
•SAGAR Mala
•Parvat mala
•Inland waterways
Inflation
•Crossing 6% mark consistently for many months •April-June : 7% each month
Reasons
•Ukraine russia crisis
•Supply chain disruption
•Slow post pandemic recovery
•Pent up demand
•Oil price rise volatility
•Food inflation due to oil palm
•Increase in freight costs
•Global semi conductors chips shortages
Farm mechanisatio n
○India (40%), Brazil (75%), USA (95%)
○PM Krishi sampada yojna
Roads
Roadways
•59% of freight through road transport
•2nd largest road network in the world
•Highway construction increased by 17% CAGR in FY16-21
•40% total traffic is carried by National highways
Road safety
•400 fatalities per day
•World bank report : With only 1% vehicles India
Schemes for road transport
•PM Gati shakti
•Bharatmala
•PM Gram sadak yojna
•Multi-modal logistics parks
•E-way bill in GST
•BH Vehicles (Bharat series)
•Vehicle scrappage policies
•35 km/day highway building
account for 11% of world accidents
Schemes for road safety
•Motor vehicles (Amendment) act, 2019
•National road safety policy
•National road safety board
•Good samaritan rules
•Scheme on black spots : Rs. 14,000 crore scheme with world bank to reduce black spots on roads
Railways
Railways
•4th largest rail network in the world
•Daily passenger count of 24 million
•Bibek debroy committee on Railways reforms
National Rail Plan (NRP) 2030.
•Increase the Railway’s modal share to 45% in freight traffic by 2024 with an
•Increase of freight train’s average speed to
50Kmph
•100% electrification (Green Energy) and multitracking of congested routes.
•Digitise and automate Indian Railway operations through accelerating the adoption of
Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) and Traffic
Management Systems (TMS)
•Usher in an era of energy-efficient, costeffective and green freight transport
Scheme
•PM Gati shakti
•KAVACH
•Vande bharat trains
•Privatisation in IRCTC
•National rail plan
•100% electrification target by 2024
•Integration in PM Gati shakti
•National monetisation pipeline
•Achieve sustained involvement of the Private Sector
Ports,Shippin g, water ways
• 12 Major ports and 189 minor ports
○Jal marg vikas project
○SAGARMALA
○PM GATISHAKTI
Power sector
Power sector
•3rd largest producer and 2nd largest consumer of electricity globally
•Installed capacity of 400 GW (170 GW Renewable)
Coal and Oil
•50% of all energy of India comes from Coal
•28% of India overall energy from Oil
•5 million barrels of oil consumed per day, out of which 90% is imported
Schemes
•Gram jyoti yojna
•Sovereign green bonds
•PLI scheme
•Ujjwal discom assurance yojna (UDAY)
•National smart grid mission
•Pradhan mantri Sahaj bijli har ghar yojna “
SAUBHAGYA”
•National LED programme
•Perform achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme
MSMEs
MSME sector
•29% of Indian GDP
•45% exports contribution
•Employement to 11 crore people in 6.3 crore entreprises
○Interest subvention scheme
○Zero defect zero effect scheme
○PM Employement generation scheme
○PSL norms
•CHAMPIONS portal : Use AI/ML for MSMEs
•SFURTI Scheme : Improvement of traditional industries
○New MSME definition to reduce DWARFING
○Loan under 59minutes
○Make in India initiative
○ECLGS during pandemic
State finances
○Fiscal deficit : 4.1% of GDP (2020-21)
○31% debt to GDP (March 2021) while the target is 20% of GDP
○Own tax revenue (45% of budget) is the largest revenue source
15th FC
Fiscal roadmap: The Commission suggested that the Centre bring down fiscal deficit to 4% of GDP by 2025-26. For States, it recommended the fiscal deficit limit (as a % of GSDP) of: (i) 4% in 2021-22, (ii) 3.5% in 2022-23, and (iii) 3% during 2023-26
•Fiscal roadmap: The Commission suggested that the Centre bring down fiscal deficit to 4% of GDP by 2025-26. For States, it recommended the fiscal deficit limit (as a % of GSDP) of: (i) 4% in 2021-22, (ii) 3.5% in 2022-23, and (iii) 3% during 2023-26
•Health: States should increase spending on health to more than 8% of their budget by 2022 with two-thirds of the total health expenditure on primary healthcare
•Third-party evaluation of all CSS (CentrallySponsored schemes) should be completed within a stipulated time frame
•Finance commission work as a wheel of Fiscal federalism
Criticism
•Using Census 2011 data,
•Biased towards the Centre and for
•Providing incentive-based devolution to local bodies.
Public private partnership
Hybrid annuity model (HAM) : based on risk sharing where government contributes 40% of the project cost and 60% of cost is borne by the developer. Then rest 60% paid in installements yearly to the builder
FPIs
Food processing sector
Scheme
•1.69% of total GVA of country
•Sunrise sector with 11% CAGR Why do we need FPIs?
•High wastages : 15%-40% (ES-2017)
•Level of processing (7%) in India as compared to developed countries (60-80%)
•PM Kisan sampada yojna
•Operation green scope from TOP to 22 perishables
•One district one product
•PLI Scheme for FPIs
•100% FDI allowed
•Priority sector lending scheme
•PM Formalisation of micro food processing entreprises (PM-FME)
Banking
Banking •NPA :
○6.9% Gross NPA ratio ;
○2.2% Net NPA ratio
•9.2% credit growth of Schedule commercial banks
•14.7 bank branches per 1,00,000 adults in 2020, higher than China, Germany and South Africa
○2.3% of GDP, 7% of industry output and 12% of export earnings
○National Technical Textiles Mission
○Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme For Textiles
○PM MITRA
○Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SAMARTH)
12th ministerial
conference of
WTO
○TRIPS waiver for COVID vaccines to boost export and improve vaccine equity, accessibility & affordability.
○Fisheries:
Under Article 3, governments agree not to provide subsidies to fishing vessels and operators that have been found to engage in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
Demand of developing countries accepted for extension of fishing limits to 200 nautical miles.
Under Article 4, governments agree not to subsidize the fishing of fish stocks that are in
Impact India’s fisheries sector:
•Principle of Special and Differential Treatment has been accepted for only 2 years
•Fails to recognize that fishing is related to livelihood and food security in developing countries and LDCs, whereas, in developed countries, it is an industrial-scale commercial activity.
•Loopholes allow concessions to rich countries. E.g., need not put any discipline if prove that they are maintaining stocks at biologically sustainable levels.
•Blocs like EU and advanced countries like
Norway have built monitoring and measuring
an overfished condition
Under Article 5, WTO members agree not to provide subsidies to fishing and fishing related activities on the high seas
○Declaration on Emergency Response to Food Insecurity: making food available in developing countries, increasing productivity and production. ○Decision to exempt World Food Programme’s (WFP) food purchases from export prohibitions, however domestic food security gets priority.
○E- commerce duties: Intensify discussions on the moratorium including on its scope, definition and impact.
○Reform: Make WTO more efficient and revive dispute settlement body
systems through decades of systemic subsidies, which provide higher estimate of natural fishstock.
•Directly links trade with sustainable development. This can act as a template to
introduce environmental conditions in future trade agreements under WTO
Public distribution system
TPDS
•50% of urban population
•75% of rural population
Reforms
•Bhavantar bhugtan yojna
•One nation one ration card
•PM AASHA
•KALIA
Shanta kumar committee recommendations
•Stop procurement from grain surplus states
(HR, PB ) and more focus on eastern states
•Better price support for pulses and oilseeds
•Cash transfer in PDS should be gradually introduced (Price deficiency payment)
•Outsource grain storage function to central warehouse corporation
•Amend NFSA,2013 : Reduce subsidised population from 67% to 40%
•Push for national warehousing through PPP
MSP
crops + FRP for sugarcane
Most procurement of Wheat and rice only
NITI aayog recommendations
•Price deficiency payment system ( KALIA, PM-
Norway have built monitoring and measuring
AASHA
•Procurement centre should be in village itself)
Buffer Stock
•As on 1st April, 2022, the Central pool had approximately 74 million tonnes (mt) of food grains which is 300% of the strategic and operational reserve norm of 21.04 mt.
•Of this, 19 mt of wheat is over 2.5 times, and 55 mt of rice is nearly 4 times of the required stock
•20%-40% wastages rate in Buffer stock
Horticulture
○1/3 of Agro GDP
○Outstrip total agriculture production consistently
○MIDH : Mission for integrated development of Horticulture
○Extending GI tags
○Promoting FPOs
Fisheries
○Governmenet has set a target of Rs. 1 lakh crores exports from fisheries sector by
2024-25
○Exports in 2019-20 : 47,000 crores
○India is 2nd largest Aqua culture nation globally
○Contributed 1.2% to total GDP
○Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
○Blue Revolution: Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries
○Neel Kranti mission
○WTO MC12 agreement
Animal
Husbandry
○Contribution : 4.35% of total GDP (30% of Agro GDP)
○8% CAGR in 2014-15 to 2019-20
○Gokul mission
○Cooperatives (Article 19, 43B)
○Dairy Sahakar Scheme
○Artificial Insemination Programme
○National Animal Disease Control Programme
○Ayushman Sahakar Scheme
Land distribution
According to FAO, 5% Land-redistribution can lead to 30% reduction in poverty
Land reforms schemes
•Digital land record modernizatiion scheme
Land reforms
•Average land size : 1.08 HA
•84% have less than 2HA of land
•In India, 73% rural women are engaged in agriculture, but only 12% are the owners of land holdings
•SVAMITVA Scheme
•Model land leasing act, 2016
Digitisation of Land records
•Bhoomi Project (Karnataka), 2000
•Digital India Land Records Modernization programme (DILRMP):
•Unique Land Parcel Identification Number
•Integrated Land Management Information System (ILMIS):
•1.7% was India’s share in world exports up from 0.6% in 1991 but way lower than China at 13% of global exports
•Indian exports are 18% of its GDP
Target : India aims to reach $500 billion exports in next two years and $1 trillion exports by 2027-28.
Schemes to improve exports
•PLI scheme in 14 sectors
•FTA signed with UAE and Australia
•Remission of duties and taxes on imported products (RoDTeP)
•Service exports from India scheme
•Export preparedness index
•Ease of doing business
•SAGARMALA project
Financial Inclusion
○45 crore Jan Dhan accounts
○13 crore enrolment in PM Jeevan jyoti beema yojna
○14.7 bank branches per 1,00,000 adults in
2020, higher than China, Germany and South Africa
Financial inclusion
•Jan dhan Yojna
•Mudra Yojna
•Atal Pension Yojna
•Suraksha Beema Yojna
•UPI, RuPay cards
•Digital land record modernizatiion scheme
•Shram yogi mandhan
•Aadhar and DBT schemes
•National Pension System (NPS)
•Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) Scheme
Inclusive growth
•Employement generation
•Redistribution of income and wealth
•Intergenerational eqaultiy
Election freebies
○15th finance commission raised concern over growing political election freebies
○Telangana has committed 35% of revenue receipts, almost 63% of state’s own tax revenue, to finance populist schemes which are centered around freebies.
E-RUPI
•e-RUPI is a onetime contactless, cashless voucherbased mode of payment,
•Redeemable at designated centers without the need for any credit/debit card, digital payments app, or internet banking access,
•thus eliminating any physical interface
Cryptocurren cy
○Estimated market size : 20 mn crypto investors with market size of $5.3bn
• Identified as Virtual Digital Asset (VDA). Under Section 2 (47A) of the Income Tax Act (1961).
Payment system
○22 digital transactions per capita in 2019
Govt. interventions
•NPCI Products : UPI, IMPS, RuPay, Bharat bill pay
•Payment infrastructure development fund
•Rationalisation of merchant discount rate (MDR)
•Regulatory sandbox initiative of RBI
Startups
Startups
•India has become 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world after US and China.
•Total unicorns 105
•India has produced one unicorn every 8 days in
2021 (44 unicorns in 2021)
Innovation
•Global innovation index : 46/131
•R&D Spend : 0.66% of GDP while USA (2.8%), South Korea (4.2%)
Startup
•Start-up Accelerators of MeitY for Product
Innovation, Development and Growth
(SAMRIDH) Programme
•Startup India mission
•9,000 ATAL tinkering labs
•Tax breaks
•E-biz portal
•Mudra Yojna
•Fund of funds project
•Credit guarantee fund trust
Gaming
○15,000 crore industry by 2023 in India
○India has second largest number of gamers
○Almost quarter of Indian gamers have missed work while playing games
Housing
Housing
•3 crores and 1.2 crores houses required in rural and urban areas respectively
○PM Awas yojna
○Model tenancy act, 2019
○Decreased GST rate (8% to 1%)
E-Vehicles
Bad examples
•Recently fire catching incident of e-vehicles
•Industry poised to grow to $7bn by 2025
E-vehicles
•Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme
•Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) for the supplier side
•Oxfam report 2020, the richest 1% emit more than twice as much CO2 as the bottom 50% of the world
Steps needed
•Proper tracking of individual emissions
•Scaling up public investments in low-carbon energy production
•Progressive wealth taxes
•Implementing Global Carbon Incentive (GCI)
•Incorporating principles of social dialogue at all levels
Natural farming
ZBNF given by Subhash Palekar
•Beejamrit
•Jivamrit: Bio-stimulant to enhance fertility of soil by promoting microorganism activity
•Whapasa: Activation of earthworms in soil to create water vapour condensation
•Mulching: Covering of soil surface to conserve moisture
NMEO-OP
•Reduce domestic oil prices
•Increase production by 3 times to 11 MT
•Area under cultivation from 3.70 lakh HA (2021) to
10 lakh HA (2026) and 16 Lakh HA (2030)
•Viability Formula is a Minimum Support Pricetype mechanism and the government will fix this at 14.3% of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) price.
•Starting with NE states and A&N islands
•Provision of Rs 5 crore of 5 mt/hr (million tonne per hectare) with pro-rata increase for higher
capacity will be given
•High yield of oil-palms of up to 4-10 times of other oil crops
•Goal to achieve self-efficiency in vegetable oil
Palm oil imports are 55% of all vegetable oil imports; 94% of palm oil is used in Vegetable oil demand (Critical for food inflation)
•
Universal
Basic Income
(UBI)
•Suggested by ES 2016-17
•require a public expenditure of 4-10% of GDP
Issue
Data
Government interventions
India and climate change at glance
○Achieved 40% of energy capacity from Non-fossil resources
○Non-fossile energy at 170 GW in June
2022
○Forest cover : 24.62%
○National action plan on climate change
○National adaptation fund for climate change
○National biofuel policy
○National wind solar hybrid policy
•Solar rooftop programme
•Ultra mega solar parks
•PM-KUSUM
○Perform achieve and Trade (PAT)
Environment
•Solar rooftop programme
•Ultra mega solar parks
•PM-KUSUM
○Perform achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme
•International solar alliance
○Coailition for disaster resilient infrastructure (CDRI)
Genetically modified
organisms
(GMOs)
•Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally
E.g. BT cotton
Municipal solid waste
•India is estimated to generates 62-million-ton MSW annually, of which only 11.9 MT is treated and 31 MT is dumped in landfill sites
Sea level rise
•As per reports, the average sea-level across the globe has risen by 16-21 cm over the last century
Plastics
•According to WEF, 95% of plastic packaging material value ($80-120 billion/annum globally), is lost just after short first use.
•Every day approximately 8 million pieces of plastic pollution find their way into our oceans
•Plastics consistently make up 80% of all marine debris studied
Health problems
•Bisphenol Acid which affects brain development and behavior
•Microplastics : infertility
•Physical damage- When such plastic is accidently ingested, especially among
children, it can block their air passage. E.g., balloons
•Release of chemicals : cause hormonal
imbalance or even neurodegenerative disorders
Economic scourge
•Waste collection, segregation and processing is an economically draining activity
•Diminished value in circular economy
Environmental scourge
•Marine litter
•Pollution
•Corals and mangroves
•Challenge to biodiversity
•Loss of environmental productivity- due to alteration of micro-climate.
•Non-biodegradability- It stays in the environment for 1000s of years.
Green
Hydrogen
•Green Hydrogen is generated by using renewable sources such as solar and wind energy.
•It is produced through water electrolysis, producing water and water vapor as byproducts.
•TERI has estimated that India’s demand for green hydrogen will go up from 6 mt in 2020 to about 50 mt by 2050.
•National Hydrogen Energy Mission
•Target : India should aim for the ‘1-1-1 target for green hydrogen’ viz. to achieve $1 per 1 kg in 1 decade
Carbon trading
Kyoto protocol
•Cap and trade system
In India
•Renewable energy certificate (REC)
•Cap and trade system •Renewable energy certificate (REC)
mechanism
•Emission trading
mechanism
•Energy saving certificates under Perform achieve and trade (PAT) scheme
Air pollution
○India is home to 11 of the 15 most polluted cities in central and south asia
•Graded response action plan •Constitution of statutory body : Commission for air quality management (CAQM)
•National clean air programme (NCAP)
Eco Sensitive zones (ESZs)
•Areas within 10 kms around Protected Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
•ESZs are notified by Government of India under Environment Protection Act 1986
River pollution
○CPCB has identified 351 polluted river stretches in India
Water
•India handle 17% of world population with only
Schemes
•India handle 17% of world population with only
scarcity
4% of fresh water availability
○Annual per capita availability is 1500 cubic meters in 2021 (decline of 75% since
independence)
○Groundwater level declined by 61% (2007-17) ○70% of surface water unfit for consumption ○The average rainfall in India is around 125 cm.
○South-west monsoon constituted 75% of the total rainfall (June to September), 13% of it by north-east monsoon (October to December),
•Jal shakti abhiyaan
•Atal bhujal yojna
•PM Krishi sinchai yojna
•Jal jivan mission
•AMRUT 2.0
•Composite water management index (NITI)
•Grey water management
•Mission Amrit sarovar
Land degradation
○30% of total geographical area of India underwent land degradation
Sustainable agriculture
○India ranks first in number of organic farmers
○Sikkim is world’s first fully organic state
○Agro sector amount for 14% of GHG emissions in India
Developmen
t induced
○About 50 million peope have been displaced due to development project
Causes for Development induced displacement (DID)
displacemen○While tribals constitute 8% of Indian
tpopulation, 40% of displaced population
in tribal
Government efforts
○National rehabilitation and resettlement policy (2007)
○Right to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, 2013
•Urbanisation
•Agricuture expansion
•Water supply (Irrigation, Dams)
•River interlinking
•Energy (Mining, exploration)
•Parks and forest reserves
•Transportation (Roads, Highways)
•Population redistribution schemes
Risks associated
•Economic marginalisation
•Loss of livelihood
•Homelessness
•Undernourishment
•Psychological trauma
•Social disintegration
•Violation of human rights
•Loss of property without fair compensation
Way forward
•Developing an action plan for prevention against arbitrary displacement
•Dissemination of information about rights of displaced people
•Passing development project only after proper rehabilitation
•Monitoring and reporting systems
•Principle of sustainable development
•Polluter pays principle
Plastic pollution
○3.5 million tonnes of plastic waste generated annually
○Only 60% of plastic waste in collected
○Single use plastic (SUP) is the one-third of all the plastics produced globally
Schemes
•Plastic waste management rules, 2016
•Swachh bharat mission 2.0
•Clean and green campaign
•Private sector collaborations : India plastics pact (IPP)
Ethanol blending
Target
•20% ethanol blending by 2025
•Potential to reduce GHG emissions from fuel by 33%
Initiatives
•Ethanol blending programme : Oil marketing companies selling petrol blended with ethanol upto 10%
•PM-JIVAN (Jaiv Indhan) yojna
•E-100 Project
•Allowing ethanol production from sugar based raw materials
Lifestyle for the
Environment
(LiFE)
•Introduced as a concept by the Prime Minister Shree Narendra Modi during the 26th COP26 in Glasgow.
•Aims to promote an environmentally conscious lifestyle focused on ‘mindful and deliberate
utilization’ instead of ‘mindless and wasteful consumption
•3P Approach : People, Planet, Profit
•Use of traditional knowledge to address triple planetary crisis of climate change, bio diversity loss and pollution
•E.g. use of banana leaves or ‘pattal’ in place of disposable plates and spoons
•NATGRID: Intelligennce database for counter terrorism
Fake news
•Communal disharmony : For example, fake photos were used to spread communal riots in Muzaffarnagar in 2013.
•Sensationalisation of news by Media for TRP : a report by a news channel presented increasing recruitment of Muslims in civil services as a well planned Jihad
•Infodemic : rumors of lockdown on WhatsApp led to hoarding of essential items
Legal and institutional measures
•News Broadcasters’ Association: It is a self-regulatory body of private news channels
•Information Technology Act 2000: Section 66 of the IT act
•Indian Penal Code: Sections 153 and 295 can be invoked against fake news on the ground of provocation of riots
•Information technology
(Guidelines for intermediaries and digital media ethics code) Rules, 2021:
•Self-regulation by social media such as Youtube algorithm to
reduce fake news
Central
Armed
•Assam Rifles- Indo-Myanmar border.
•Border Security Force- Indo-Pakistan
•India’s land border covers around 15,106 km and maritime border
•Border Security Force- Indo-Pakistan 15,106 km and maritime border
•Sashashtra Seema Bal- Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders
•Maritime borders: Indian Coast Guards (ICG)
around 7,516 km
Agnipath
Scheme
Features
•Recruiting soldiers in the age group of 17½- 21 across the three services
•duration of four years
•25% agniveers will be retained and the remaining 75% will be discharged
•The Navy and Airforce will enlist women too as agniveers
•insurance cover of 48 lakhs during the term of service
•exit package of 11.71 lakh rupees. Equal contribution will be made by the agniveers (seva-nidhi) and the government towards this corpus.
•Not eligible for pension
Border
managemen
t (Territorial vs maritime)
AFSPA
•Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958 is an act of the Parliament that grants
•special powers to the Indian Armed Forces to conduct operations and arrest without warrant for maintaining public order in regions declared as “disturbed areas
•In past, BP Jeevan Reddy committee and the Veerappa Moily report have recommended that the Act be repealed
•Based on colonial legacy : Brought in as ordinance by the British in 1942 to suppress the Quit India movement
iDEX
(Innovations for Defense Excellence)
•Scheme for defence indiginiazation
•military-grade products in shorter timelines
•Defence India Startup Challenge
(DISC) by iDEX
•Raise private sector participation : Corporate Venture Capital
Women in Defence
○Army : 3.8% ; Air force : 13% ; Navy : 6%
○Air force is the only one to employ in combat roles
○Recently Indian Air force gave permanent commission to women
Drug trafficking
According to Narcotics control bureau “exponential” rise in the seizure of
○India suffers an average of nearly 2,00,000 threats every day as per USbased cyber security firm, Norton
○Lack of trained manpower: The 2013 policy envisaged 500,000 experts in 5
○National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) : Battle cyber security threats in strategic areas such as air control, nuclear and space.
○National cyber coordination
years, but we had reached only 10% of the target.
•Example: Huge understaffing of CERT-In
○E.g. ransomware attack on Oil India Limited in April 2022,
○Udaipur killing for blasphemy
○places like Jamtara have become notorious for vishing
centre (NCCC) to scan internet traffic coming into the country.
○A new Cyber and Information Security (CIS) Division has been created to tackle internet crimes such as cyber threats, child pornography and online stalking.
○CERT-in
○National cyber security policy
Drones in Internal security
Steps by government
•Counter drone system developed by
Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO)
•National Counter Rogue Drone Guidelines, 2019
•Unmanned Aircraft Systems Rules
2021
•An intra-departmental task force is working on the aspects of counter drone measures, especially in Punjab and adjoining Jammu and Kashmir
•Smart Shooter’s SMASH 2000 Plus fire control systems
○59 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes
○12 percent of its land is prone to floods and river erosion
○68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought
○5,700 km out of 7,500 km of coastline is prone to cyclone and tsunamis
○Weather and climate disasters have surged five times in the last 50 years disproportionately affecting the poor and developing countries (WMO)
○National disaster management policy, 2019
○National disaster management Plan, 2016
○SENDAI Framework, (2015-30)
○National disaster management act, 2005
○CDRI
○Model building bye laws,
2016
○National disaster response fund
○NDMA guidelines for disasters like earthquake, cold wave, cyclone etc.
Forest fire
•According to a 2019 Forest Survey of India (FSI) Report, 21.4% of the forest cover in India is prone to fires
•95% of forest fires are known to result from anthropogenic causes
Government steps
•Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme
•National Action Plan for Forest Fire Control
•Forest Fire Alert System: Through the Fire Alert System (FAST) Version 3.0
•NDMA Guidelines
•Establishing a National Forest Fire Knowledge Network
Bioeconomy
•The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines bioeconomy as the production, utilization
and conservation of biological resources, including related knowledge, science, technology, and innovation, to provide information, products, processes and services across all economic sectors aiming toward a sustainable economy
GHG emissions
Agro GHG emissions
•Contribute 18% of total emissions , third highest after Energy and
Industry
○Secure Himalayas
○National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC
○National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP)
○Ethanol blending of 20% by 2025
Renewable energy
○Achieved target of 40% of renewable energy capacity in November 2021
○PM KUSUM Yojna
○Atal jyoti yojna
○National Solar mission
○Rooftop solar programe
○Ethanol blending
○National hydrogen mission
○International solar alliance
○Energy from biomass
Clean water
Water crisis
•NITI aayog, 2018 report says roughly 600mn population or 45% of India is facing high to severe water stress
○Jal jeevan mission
○Atal Bhujal Yojna (ATAL JAL) :
Groundwater management
Oceans
○About 94 percent of the earth’s wildlife is found in the
ocean.
More than 70 percent of the
earth’s oxygen is produced by
the ocean
○
Ocean covers more than 70
percent of the earth’s surface.
○
Science and
tech
National Biopharma Mission
)
(
NBM
○
National Supercomputing
Mission
○
ATAL Tinkering labs
○
PM Research fellowship
○
INSPIRE Scheme
○
Women in
S&T
Schemes
DISHA Program for women in
science
•
KIRAN programme
•
CURIE programme
•
Indo-US fellowship in STEMM
careers
•
Contribution
s of Indians
in science
Maoism and naxalism
Government interventions
•Black panther and grey hound strategy
•MGNREGA, 5th schedule, 6th schedule areas
•PESA act
•Operation SAMADHAAN
•STs reservation in public office, public services
•TRIFED for economic upliftmeent
•Janjatiya gaurav diwas (15th november)
•AFSPA, 1958
Anti microbial resistance
○WHO declared top 10 biggest threats (AMR)
○Jaipur declaration on AMR
○National health policy, 2017
Electric vehicle
○Expected to reach $7 bn by 2025
○FAME India scheme ( Rs.
10,000 crores)
○E-Amrit portal one stop destination for all information on Evs
○Draft battery swap policy by NITI
○PLI scheme for Advanced chemical cell battery storage
Technology in
Agriculture
○Agri tech projected to grow to $30bn by 2025
○Kissan Drones
○Mkissan app
○Soil health card scheme
○Computerised sprinkler irrigation
○Satellite for weather prediction
○AI-Sowing app
○Agri stack
○Krishi vigyan kendras
Block chain
○National strategy on blockchain
○Presidio principles by WEF
Space missions
Space industry
•Global industry is $360 bn and India’s share is just 2%
Internal security
Cyber security
Cybersecurity
•According to Data security council of India (DSCI), India has been 2nd most affected country by cyber attacks in 2016-18
•ShadowPad malware from China attacked India power infrastructure
Terrorism
Terrorism
•Global terrorism Index, 2020 ranks India as 8th position in the world
Police
Police
•Overburdened : 137 personnel per
Technology in policing
•Crime and Criminal Tracking
1 lakh population (UN recommendation = 222)
•Only 47% conviction rate
Network System (CCTNS),
•Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS),
•National Automated Facial Recognition System
•Prakash Singh case
Defence
Military spending of India
•$76 billion (3rd highest globally)
•Defense pension alone is 0.6% of
GDP
○Agnipath Scheme
○One Rank One Pension Scheme
○Theaterisation
Good governement initiatives by
Indian Army
○Operation Sadbhavana :
Humane initiative by Indian Army in J&K. Focus on
education, youth, women empowerment
○Mission Pehal : Talk face to face with kashmiri youth to understand their grievances
Oil imports
Oil Imports
•Every $1 rise in oil price lead to $10,700 crore rise in import bill
Sri lanka crisis
Srilanka Crisis
•Inflation hit all time high of 60%,
rising continuosly
•Not having foreign reserves for imports of goods for next 2 weeks
