Table of Contents
Integrated Steel Plants in India :
—> Industries using wt-losing raw mats are located where raw mats are located eg : Iron & Steel + Sugar cane
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TISCO : |
Tata |
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Location : |
➤ 240 km away from Kolkata ( Port for steel export ) ; lies close to Mumbai-Kolkata railway line
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Water ➜ R. Subarnarekha & Kharkai ➤ Iron Ore ➜ Noamundi & Badam Pahar ➤ Coal ➜ Joda mines in Orissa
➤ Coking Coal ➜ Jharia & W.Bokaro coalfields |
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IISCO : |
Indian Iron |
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Location : |
➤ Plants at – Hirapur, Kulti, Burnpur (WB) ; Located on Kolkata-Asansol Railway line |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Water ➜ R.Barakar ( trib of Damodar ) ➤ Iron Ore ➜ Singhbhum ( Jharkhand ) ➤ Coal ➜ Damodar coal fields (Raniganj, Jharia & Ramgarh) |
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VISL : |
Visvesvaraiya |
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Location : |
➤ Mysore |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Water ➜ R.Bhadravati ➤ Iron Ore ➜ Kemangundi in Bababudan Hills ➤ Coal ➜ None ; Hydro from Jog Falls Hydel Power Proj |
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ROURKELA : | |
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Location : |
➤ Sundargarh district of Orissa in collab with Germany (1959) |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Water ➜ Koel & Sankh rivers ➤ Iron Ore ➜ Sundargarh & Kendujhar ➤ Coal ➜ Jharia ( Jharkhand ) ➤ Power ➜ Hirakud Power |
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BHILLAI : | |
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Location : |
➤ Durg district of Chattisgarh with Russian colab (1959) ; Lies on Kolkata-Mumbai route |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Iron Ore ➜ Dalli-Rajhara mine ➤ Coal ➜ Korba & Kargali coal fields ➤ Water ➜ Tanduladam ➤ Power ➜ Korba Thermal Power Station ➤ Bulk of steel goes to Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam |
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DURGAPUR : | |
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Location : |
WB , with UK collab (1962) ; Kolkata-Delhi railway route |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Iron Ore ➜ Noamundi ➤ Coal ➜ Raniganj & Jharia Coal belt ➤ Power & Water ➜ Damodar Valley Corp |
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BOKARO | |
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Location : |
Russian Collab 1964 |
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Raw Mats : |
➤ Principle of min transport cost by creating Bokaro-Rourkela combine ➤ Iron Ore ➜ Rourkela region & wagons on return take coal to Rourkela ➤ Water & Power ➜ DVC |
- 3 New Steel Plants : Vizag Steel Plant ( Vishakhapatnam AP ) + Vijaynagar Steel Plant ( Karnataka ) + Salem Steel plant ( TN )
Cotton Industry in India :
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COTTON : | |
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Prop : |
➤ India was famous worldwide for : muslin, calicos, chintz, fine cotton cloth ➤ British exported raw cotton to Manchester & sold back in India ; Swadeshi boycott gave impetus to Indian cotton ➤ India lost most good quality cotton growing areas to Pak ( 423 to 409 ) ➤ Cotton Textile div into 2 sectors : Org & Unorg sector ➤ Decentralized sector includes cloth prod in handlooms (Khadi) & powerlooms ➤ Cotton is ”pure” raw mat, doesn’t lose wt in manufac process —> hence other factors dominate location |
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Location : |
➤ Maj Centre of Ct Textile ➜ Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore & Ujjain ➤ Lead Ct prod States ➜ Mahar, Guj, TN || WB, UP, Karnatak, Punjab ➤ TN ➜ Mills – Coimbatore (1/2) , Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorn, Thanjavur, Ramanathapuram & Salem ➤ Karnataka ➜ Davangere, Hubli, Bellary, Mysore & Bangalore ➤ AP ➜ Telanganga region , Hyd, Secunderabad, Warangal ➤ UP ➜ Kanpur, Modinagar ➤ WB ➜ Hugli , howrah, Serampur |
Sugar Industry in India :
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SUGAR : | |
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Prop : |
➤ 2nd most imp agro-based industry ; Khandsari & gur also prepared from sugarcane ➤ India largest prod of both sugarcane ( 8% of world) ➤ Employment for > 4 L persons directly and many farmers indirectly ; Seasonal industry |
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Location : |
➤ Wt losing crop ; Ratio of ( Sugar : Sugarcane ) = 9-12% dep on variety ➤ Sucrose content begins to dry during haulage, better recovery if crushed w/i 24 hrs of harvesting —> Hence Factories located w/i cane prod regions ➤ Mahar ➜ Lead Prod (1/3) ➤ UP ➜ 2 belts : Ganga Yamuna doab (Saharanpur, Muzzafarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad) + Tarai ( Kheri Lakhimpur, Basti, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Bahraich ) ➤ TN ➜ Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvanamalai, Villupuram, Bellary, Mandya ➤ Coastal ➜ E.Godavari, W.Godavari, Vishakhaptnam ➤ Bihar ➜ Saran, Champaran, Muzzafarnagar, Gaya ➤ Haryana ➜ Yamuna nagar, Rohtak, Hissar & Faridabad |
Petrochemical Industry in India :
| Petroch | |
|
Prop : |
➤ 4 Subgroups : (1) Polymers (2) Synthetic Fibres (3) Elastomers (4) Surfactant intermediate ➤ Mumbai : hub of Petrochem indus ➤ Cracker Units : Auraiya (UP), Jamnagar Gandhinagar Hajira (Guj), Nagothane Ratnagiri (Mahar,) Haldia (WB), Vishaka (AP) ➤ Org in Petrochem Indus : (1) IPCL : Indian Petrochemical PSU ; manufac & distri of various Petrochemicals (2) PCL : Petrofils Coop Jt Venture with Weaver Coop Societies ; Prod Polyster filament & Nylon @ Vadodora Nalhadri (Guj) (3) CIPET : Central Insti of Plastic ; imparting training in Petro Chem industry |
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Location : |
➤ Major Plastic Prod Plants @ : Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri ➤ Industries Manufac nylon & polyster yarns : Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain ➤ Acrylic staple : Kota , Vadodara |
Industrial Development in India
==>> Industrial Development in India : LPG = ( Liberalisation + Privatisation + Globalisation )
- Dimensions of Policy :
- abolition of industrial licensing system ( except 6 : security, strategic & envt )
- free entry to foreign tech
- foreign investment policy
- access to capital market
- open trade
- abolition of phased manufac progs
- liberalised industrial location prog
- Globalisation :
- Means integrating eco of country with eco of world —> G&S move freely from one nation to another
- Thrust to (inc domestic & external compt) through extensive (app of market mech) & facilitating dynamic (relationship with foreign investors & suppliers of tech)
- Opening economy to FDI in India
- removing restrictions & obstacles to entry of MNC in India
- allow indian companies to enter into foreign collar & joint ventures
- Import lib progs : switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs in first place & bringing doen import duties
- Opt for exchange rate adjustment for promoting export
Major Industrial Regions in India :
- Mumbai-Pune Region
- Hugli Region
- Bangalore-Chennai Region :
- Gujarat Regions
- Chotanagpur Region
- Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region :
- Gurgaon-Delhi Meerut Region : Light & Mkt oriented
- Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram Region : Agro Prod Processing & market oriented Light industries
Planning
- 2 Approaches to Planning :
- Sectoral Planning : Deve of various sectors of Eco
- Regional Planning : To reduce regional imbalance (over space) in Deve
- Target Area Planning :
- To arrest accentuation of regional & social disparities
- Eg of “Target Area” Progs : ( Command, Drought Prone, Desert, Hill ) Area Deve Programme
- Eg of “Target Group” Progs : Small Farmers & Marginal Farmers Deve Agency ( SFDA & MFDA )
- Hill Area Deve Prog :
- During 5th yr plan covering 15 (hilly) districts of Uttarakhand, Assam, WB, TN
- Aimed at harnessing indigenous resources of hill areas th. deve of Horticulture, Plantation agro, Animal husbandry, poultry, forestry
- Drought Prone Area Prog :
- Emphasis on Irrig projects, Land Deve progs, Afforestation, Grassland deve & creation of basic Rural Infra
- Prog confined to —> deve of Agro & allied sectors
- Major focus —> Restoration of Ecological Balance (betw water, soil, plants, animals & human)
- Inc Popu —> utilise Marginal lands for agro —> causing eco degradation —> need to create alternative employment oppor
- Other strats —> adoption of integrated Watershed deve approach at micro-level
- Integrated Tribal Deve Prog ( Bharmaur Region ) :
- Aim : improving quality of life & narrowing gap in level of deve betw Bharmaur & rest HP
- Priority in deve of Transport & Comm, Agro & Allied activities
- Contri in deve of Infra in terms of school, healthcare, potable water, roads, comm & electricity
- Social Benefits : inc in literacy rate, sex ratio, dec in child marriage
- Transformation from agro-cum-pastoral ( Transhumance ) economy to growing pulses & cash crops
Sustainable Development :
- Philosophy : Care of Ecological + Soc + Eco aspects of deve during present times & conservation of resources to enable future gens to use resources
- Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area :
- Total Command Area : 19.63 L ha ( 70% Flow Syst at Right Bank + 30% Lift System at Left Bank )
Stage-1 Command Area (5.5 L ha) = Ganganagar, Hanumangarh & N.Bikaner
Stage-2 Command Area (14.1 L ha) = Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagpur & Churu districts
- Canal Irrig transformed Ecology, Eco & Society :
- Adv :
- Aval of soil moisture for longer time
- Various Afforestation & Pasture Deve progs under CAD —> resulted in greening of land
- Agro & Livestock : inc in cultivated area & intensity of cropping
- Intensive Irrig —> Replaced Jowar, Bajra, Gram with Rice, Wheat, Groundnut, cotton
- Reducing Wind Erosion & Siltation of Canals
- Disadv : Twin envt problem of water logging & soil salinity
- Adv :
Cement industry in India
Cement Industry — India is the 2nd largest producer of Cement in the world, after China
Location Factors of Cement industry
- Raw Material — heavy, low value and weight losing material — depends on LS, silica, alumina — MP, RJ, AP
- Power and electricity — grinding, clinkersation of LS
- Coal — 40% of the total cost. Availability of coal and power → conc. @East Coast
- Availability of road and railways — Logistical support is very important
- Distance from Port for exports — Cement from Gujarat is sent to Middle East and from East coast to SEA
- Location near market — reduces transportation costs
Problems in Cement industry
- Low per capita consumption
- Glut situation due to mismatch in demand-supply— loss of market prices
- Shortage of domestic coal and increased import of coal
- Inadequate railway wagon available
- Non favourable taxation rules
- Export is not promoted
- Environmental concerns — fly ash
Industry location factors list
- Availability of raw material
- Availability of skilled and unskilled labour
- Availability of cheap labour
- Availability of competitive electricity
- Connectivity to transport networks
- Suitability to land and climate
- Environmental aspects
- Waste Disposal architecture
- Availability of capital and credit
- Government policies and state politics — capital intensive, flexible labour laws
- Availability of water
- Proximity to — market, ports
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