Helps economy to function & grwo eg emergy, irrigation, roads, railways, telecom
Employment
Inclusivity
Connectivity
Sectors granted infra status
Transport and logistic
Energy
Water and sanitation
Communication
Social and commercial infrastructure
Mining
Benefits of getting infra status
Tax benefits
Faster FDI approval
Relaxed ECB norms
Easier funding
Mining
National Mineral Policy 2019
100% FDI
Infra status
MMDR act
Mining lease only through auction
National mineral exploration trust
District mineral foundation -> For welfare of mining affected people
National mineral exploration policy – Mining company required to pay them, they will carry out mineral exploration
Shakti – Centralised bidding process for coal allocation
Carbon imperialism
Developed countries blame developing countries for coal energy with hidden agenda to sell their nuclear fuel and technology and to reduce their culpability of global warming
Why coal energy is necessary ?
Availability
Nuclear fuel problems
Jobs
Land requirement for solar is more (No need)
Energy Mix
Thermal – 64%
Hydro – 13%
Renewable – 21
Nuclear – 2
One nation one grid
Connect 5 regional grids
Transfer electricity from surplus region to deficient region
Green energy corridor project – Flow of renewable energy into national grid network
Saubhagya – Har ghar Bijali
UJALA yojana – LED
Renewable Energy
175 GW target
Kusum
Gobardhan – Cattle dung to biogas
Water & Sanitation
Jal Kranti Abhiyan
In every district convert two water stressed villages into water surplus villages
Jal Shakti Abhiyan
Rainwater harvesting
Renovation of traditional water bodies
Bore well recharge
Jal Jivan mission
Piped water supply to all rural households by 2024
SBM
Approach
Community participation
Flexibility in choice depending upon user preference and location specific needs
Instil behaviour change
Swachh Bharat Kosh to encourage Corporate Social Responsibility and accept contributions from private organizations, individuals and philanthropists.
Use of Technology such as social media and mobile apps (90% toilets geo tagged)
Progress made
Nearly 98.9% of India has been covered under SBM
over 5.4 lakh villages and 585 districts have been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF).
27 States and Union Territories have declared themselves ODF so far
Over 9.5 crore toilets have been built all over the country
96.5% of the rural households that had access to a toilet, used them. (National Annual rural sanitation survey)
Becoming ODF had a positive impact on the child health and nutrition.
Every household in an ODF village saved about ₹50,000 per year on account of financial savings due to lower likelihood of disease. (UNICEF study)
Issues
Water
Land
Attitude
Manual scavenging
Way forward
Private Partnership and Corporate Social Responsibility can ensure, in specific contexts, a smooth flow of funds
Effective disposal of waste should be the next on the agenda for this mission.
Inland water way
Jal marg Vikas Project
Enable National water way on the route of Waranasi- Haldia
Sagar Mala project
Port led development
improve port connectivity through rail corridors, freight-friendly expressways and inland waterways
Create CEZ
develop skills of fishermen and other coastal and island communities.
Ports Challenges India
Third generation large ships unable to load in India
Port congestions
Domestic ship building industry is underdevloped
Road Transport
Bharatmala Pariyojana
Aims to upgrade and expand highways
Special focus on connecting coastal areas, economic corridors and border regions
Setu Bharatam
Aims to make all national highways free of railway level crossing by constructing railway over bridges or railway under bridges
Less traffic congestion, less accidents
Kaladan multimodal
Connect Haldi to Sittwe port -> Kaladan river to Mizoram
AlterNet connectivity between west Bengal and Myanmar
Electric Vehicle
Indian transport is second largest contributor of CO2 emission after industry
Why E Vehicle ?
Less import of crude oil
Emerge as hub of manufacturing for EV
Less pollution
Employment
Steps taken
100% FDI
FAME scheme
Challenges
Lithium would be new oil for India thus research required (Congo, Bolivia, Chilli, Australia – Controlled by India)
Charging infrastructure
High temperature -> Frequent battery change
Challenges in metro
More capital and technology intensive
Problems in land acquisition
Environmental issues raised
Fares cant be raised beyond point thus it is difficult to recover investment
Ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure.
Use of ICT
Sugamya Bharat
PH friendly infrastructure
Shama Prasad Mukharjee Rurban mission – Providing urban amenities in rural area
Rashtriy Gram Swaraj Abhiyan – Panchaytai raj development
Telecom
Spectrum – Radio waves which are used by mobile phones to transmit data
2 G spectrum scam
License based on first come first serve basis and 2G spectrum linked with the license
Shell companies who did not wanted license acquired that license and sold it to the needy companies
Now?
Unified license
Separately buy spectrum
Bharatnet project
Connect all Panchayat through broadband
Meghraj
Cloud computing service
5G in India
India allowed Huwwei to in 5G trials
Agreement is way forward
Telecom sector issues
AGR issues
Competition -> fall in profitability
AGR (Adjusted gross revenue)
Telecom sector pays 8% of license fee and 3-5% as Spectrum usage charges
Govt – Not just on telecom revenue but all revenues of the company
The total amount to the government is owed by about 15 operators. However, 10 of them have either closed operations or are undergoing insolvency proceedings in the last 14 years
Solution
15 years with 6% interest
Reducing base price of spectrum
National policy on software products
Promote 10k start ups in software products
Skill upgradation
Software development fund -> fund of funds -> Give to venture capitals
Public Data
Data is information stored in digital forms
Administrative data
Survey data
Transaction data
Institutional data
Data integration and opportunities
Weeding out bogus beneficiaries
National health register
Challenges
Data privacy
Paper based data conversion
Officials should be trained
Data as a public good
The Economic Survey 2018-19 has said data must be treated as a public good, which can be used for social welfare and also be monetised to ‘ease pressure on government finances,’ but cautioned that privacy implications of the anonymised information need to be factored in.
The government aims to give access of select data sets to the private sector and analytical agencies on payment basis, thus generating revenue from data which may otherwise have remained unused. It will also generate insights and new products for both parties, thus creating a win-win situation.
Data Localization
Data localization is the act of storing data on any device that is physically present within the borders of a specific country where the data was generated.
Why data localization is necessary for India?
For securing citizen’s data, data privacy, data sovereignty, national security, and economic development of the country.
Recommendations by the RBI, the committee of experts led by Justice BN Srikrishna, the draft ecommerce policy and the draft report of the cloud policy panel show signs of data localisation.
The extensive data collection by technology companies, has allowed them to process and monetize Indian users’ data outside the country. Therefore, to curtail the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data, data localization is necessary.
Digital technologies like machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) can generate tremendous value out of various data. It can turn disastrous if not contained within certain boundaries.
With the advent of cloud computing, Indian users’ data is outside the country’s boundaries, leading to a conflict of jurisdiction in case of any dispute.
Data localization is an opportunity for Indian technology companies to evolve an outlook from services to products. International companies will also be looking at the Indian market, and this will benefit the growth of the local ecosystem.
More data centres in India could mean new, power-hungry customers for India’s renewable energy market. That means Data localisation could boost India’s renewable energy.
The Srikrishna Committee wants to localise data for law enforcement to have easy access to data, to prevent foreign surveillance, to build an artificial intelligence ecosystem in India, and because undersea cables through which data transfers take place are vulnerable to attacks.
In April, the Reserve Bank of India imposed a hard data localisation mandate on payment systems providers to store payment systems data only in India.
Barring limited exceptions, telecom service providers are not allowed to transfer user information and accounting information outside India.
Goals set in the Draft National Digital Communications Policy 2018, and the Guidelines for Government Departments for Contractual Terms related to Cloud Storage 2017, draft e-commerce policy and the draft report of the cloud policy panel show signs of data localization.
Concerns / Challenges:
Several of the recommendations in including the draft e-commerce policy, falter on a key ground like they gloss over the negative economic impact of data localization. This approach exhibits lack of evidence-based policy making.
Having data in India does not mean that domestic companies will be able to access this data. Localization might aid the growth of the data centre and the cloud computing industry in India, but as matter of wider public policy, such an approach is extremely myopic.
Mandating localization is less of a solution for data protection and might be less relevant to promote e-commerce.
Given the comparative trade advantages enjoyed by one section of Indian industry in this context, mandating a strict data localization regime could be perceived as a restrictive trade barrier and spur retaliatory measures.
There is a possible rise in prices of foreign cloud computing services in case of a data localisation, and its impact on MSMEs as well as start-ups relying on these services.
The possibility of triggering a vicious cycle of data localisation requirements by other countries as a response to India’s possible data localisation will be detrimental for the global data economy.
Growth will be restricted if data cannot be aggregated internationally. Infrastructure in India for efficient data collection and management is lacking.
Need of the hour:
There is an urgent need to have an integrated, long-term strategy for policy creation for data localisation.
Data localisation needs to integrate a wide range of social, political and economic perspectives.
Creating an opportunity for local data centres all over the country.
Devising an optimal regulatory and legislative framework for data processors and data centres operating in the country.
Adequate infrastructure in terms of energy, real estate, and internet connectivity also needs to be made available for India to become a global hub for data centres.
Adequate attention needs to be given to the interests of India’s Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industries, which are thriving on cross border data flow.
Justice Shreekrishna committee recommendation
The committee recommends that processing (collection, recording, analysis, disclosure, etc) of personal data should be done only for “clear, specific and lawful” purposes. Only that data which is necessary for such processing is to be collected from anyone.
Government access to data
Right to forget – ble to restrict or prevent any display of their personal data once the purpose of disclosing the data has ended, or when the data principal withdraws consent
Personal data will need to be stored on servers located within India, and transfers outside the country will need to be subject to safeguards. Critical personal data, however, will only be processed in India.
Data protection bill
Bar collection and processing without consent
Data concerning health services and for complying with any law or court orders can be processed without the consent of the owner, the draft bill said. Data can also be transferred outside India in case of health or emergency services
The legislation empowers the Central government to exempt government agencies from the application of the Act for “certain” processing of personal data.
Government may direct data processor to provide any personal data to enable better targeting of delivery of services or formulation of evidence-based policies.
Composition is dominated by the government, as contrasted with the diverse and independent composition as suggested in the committee’s draft.
The second difference is that there is a blanket power of exemption from all provisions of the law in favor of government agencies
Health data
PPP Models
PPP can be done by using
Joint venture
SPV
Company with shares
BOT
Private player after time limit once investment is recovered transfer it to the govt
Government finances project
Build Lease Transfer
Airports
Brownfield projects
Non PPP
EPC
Hybrid Annuity Model
40 govt pays
60 managed by private player
SWISS challenge
Np wait for advt
Give proposal
Other player challenges
Chance for original player for changes
Corruption, Non transparency – Vijay Kelkar
VGF – When project is not profitable
Challenges
Land acquisitions difficulties
Fall in demand -> Extention demanded by private players
NBFC crisis
Exclusion of poorts
Human development
Great demographic divide – 1921 population declined
Population Indicators
Decadal population growth – 17.7%
Population growth rate – Birth rate – death rate (0 at stabilized level or replacement level)
Total fertility rate
How many babies would she have produced hypothetically after certain age
2.1 is replacement level
Dependency ratio – (0-15 & 65+)/(15-65)
Why demographic change?
Continued urbanisation
Improvement in health care -> Declined IMR
Family planning, birth control -> government methods
Socio economic drivers
Indian demography will be at peak in 2041
50% below age of 25 & 65% below 35
SDG goals
MMR 130 (70)
Factors responsible for poverty
Low education
Health -> Out off pocket expenditure
Insurance cover
Historical -> Low asset base
Lack of financial literacy
Social barriers for SC/ST/Women/Minorities
India Gini coefficient degraded from 81% to 85% (Recheck )
UBI – Providing some of money periodically irrespective of their income
Reduce market distortion
PAN card linking to bank account could exclude middle class and rich
Safety net
Anti arguments
Laxiness promoted
Political pressure to increase amount -> Fiscal pressure
Inflation
Alcohol
Skill India Mission
400 million people by 2022.
38 Lakh candidates enrolled
Issues with skill India
Policies and initiatives related to skill development are spread across nearly 20 ministries and hence lacks coherency and holistic approach
Poor industry linkages
Semi skills not futuristic
Inclusive growth
Sharing of fruits of socio-economic development with all sections of the society.
The richest 1% in India cornered 73% of the wealth generated in the country last year
Dimensions
Social
Economic
Political
Environmental
Digital Payment
Digital payments in the country have witnessed a Compound annual growth rate of 61% and 19% in terms of volume and value respectively over past five years, demonstrating a steep shift towards digital payments.
